The IRL Fallacy

The “banzhaf Fallacy” Fallacy

: 3 - 8 Ini Ai I Irl

T IS undisputed that the administration of digitalis to patients with many forms of congestive heart failure results in an improvement in both the clinical state and in the abnormal circulatory dynamics that are characteristic of heart failure.'-6 The effects of digitalis in subjects without heart failure are less well defined. Although some glycosides augment the contractile force of nonfailin...

The Risk-return Fallacy

We assume that in the world of business, higher risks are only taken when rewarded with higher expected returns. This supposition has been confirmed empirically using capital market data. However, accounting measures have yielded puzzling results: using the mean and variance of ROE as measures of return and risk, respectively, Bowman (1980) and other researchers find a negative relationship bet...

The Abstract Meaning Fallacy

rights provisions are valuable even if their contours are not fully determined in advance. They shape the way that political actors understand and articulate the values inherent in the political system; they shape the beliefs of political actors about what they can and cannot do, what they are fighting for and what they are fighting against. But rights are less valuable, indeed not really valua...

The Coupling-Constitution Fallacy

In the face of both common sense and contemporary science, an increasing number of philosophers and psychologists have found themselves attracted to the view that, in ordinary tool use, we have instances in which cognitive processes span the cranial boundary and extend into extracranial space. As Daniel Dennett puts it, " minds are composed of tools for thinking that we not only obtain from the...